In 2015, the establishment of a vice ministerial level cultural exchange mechanism between China and Indonesia marked a new stage in cultural exchanges between the two countries. The "top-level design" model has become a major feature of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia. In order to implement the spirit of the joint communiqu é of the China Indonesia Deputy Prime Minister level People to People Exchange Mechanism, cooperation between Chinese and Indonesian universities continues to expand, and both sides' universities have also begun to explore deep and multi field cooperation. Since 2010, six Confucius Institutes have been established in Indonesia. In 2016, the China Indonesia University Think Tank Alliance was established at Beijing Foreign Studies University and adopted the "Beijing Declaration of the China Indonesia University Think Tank Alliance". Currently, the cooperation between Chinese and Indonesian universities is diverse in form and extensive in content, constantly implementing the top-level design plans of the governments of China and Indonesia, playing the role of elite university groups in promoting cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia, and enhancing the level of public participation in cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia.
The Development of Cooperation between Chinese and Indonesian Universities: Elitism in the Context of Public Communication Difficulties
（1） Definition of Elitism
Elitism, also known as Elite Theory, is a specific method of understanding and interpreting politics, society, and their historical development. The basic viewpoint is that elites occupy the top position in the social structure. Emphasizing the role of political elites, it is believed that they guide the political life of the country and determine the course of human history. The core theories are the "three elites of elitism" - Mosca's "ruling class principle", Pareto's "elite cycle thinking", and Michels' "iron law of oligarchic rule".
After World War II, the theory of elitism attracted widespread attention from the fields of political science, sociology, and history. Many theories that have emerged are influenced by the elitist concept of social change, particularly in the field of political science. For example, it has had a significant impact on rational choice theory and new institutionalism. After experiencing the peak of theoretical development in the 1970s, the classic elitist theories of Mosca and Michels gradually showed serious flaws. The three core theories of elitism have been criticized by many scholars. In recent years, elitist theory has begun to emphasize the effectiveness of public participation.
The classification and conceptual definition of the elitist tradition. Pareto divides social groups into non elite lower classes and elite upper classes. The upper class of elites can be divided into ruling elites and non ruling elites. Mosca pointed out in his book "The Ruling Class" that there are two classes in society: the ruling class with a smaller number of people and the ruled class with a larger number of people. The ruling class is not the capitalist class that dominates economically, but the elite of society, that is, the most outstanding and outstanding individuals in various fields of society. Social elites can be divided into political elites who hold significant decision-making power in the country and general social elites. Under the ruling class or elite, there also exists another class, known as the sub elite, consisting of intellectuals, national civil servants, management, and technical experts.
Some domestic scholars in China have also made their own interpretations of elitism based on China's own national conditions. Wang Keliang and Bai Liangze believe that there are basically three types of social elites: political elites, industrial elites, and intellectual elites. Gong Jilai and Zheng Jichen pointed out that the so-called "elites" refer to the power class, entrepreneur class, and intellectual class. At the micro level of international relations, state behavior is studied as an individual phenomenon within the entire international system. Give full attention to representatives of state behavior, namely political elites and foreign policy makers. From the perspective of international relations, Yang Jingming believes that political leaders and decision-making elites refer to individuals who have significant influence in determining a country's foreign policy in international relations, and are a minority special group in the political hierarchy.
（2） The elitist logic of cultural exchange between China and Indonesia
In 2013, China and Indonesia established a comprehensive strategic partnership, especially after the establishment of the China Indonesia Deputy Prime Minister level People to People Exchange Mechanism in 2015. Although the high-level officials of the governments of China and Indonesia hold a positive and positive attitude towards the development of bilateral relations. However, under the top-level design of the governments of China and Indonesia, the promotion of cultural exchanges between the two countries still faces many challenges. The path of cultural exchange between China and Indonesia has encountered obstacles and difficulties in promoting it from top-level design to public participation. The promotion links of the path are missing, and there is a lack of transitional driving force that connects the past and the future. This has resulted in the inability to effectively implement the top-level design of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia in terms of public participation. In addition, due to the counter effect of elite promotion and public participation on top-level design, the promotion of elite groups is an indispensable key link and force for the implementation of top-level design and the enhancement of public participation in cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia. It can effectively fill the key gap in the path of promoting cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia.
According to the traditional concept of elitism, it can be seen that the group of universities belongs to the Pareto definition of non ruling elites, or the general social elites or sub elites defined by Mosca. As a social elite institution where intellectuals gather, universities serve as intellectual providers for the top-level design of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia formulated by political elites; On the other hand, universities are also an important force in cooperating with relevant government departments to implement cultural exchanges and promote public participation. By carrying out specific practical activities, relevant universities can effectively leverage the role of elite groups in promoting cultural exchanges, achieve a top-down transformation of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia, and ultimately implement the top-level design of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia into the path of public participation.
The History and Reality of Elitism Promoting Cultural Exchange between China and Indonesia
（1） The historical experience of promoting cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia through elitism
In 2010, coinciding with the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Indonesia, the governments of China and Indonesia jointly announced the establishment of six Confucius Institutes in Indonesia. Among the six Confucius Institutes established in Indonesia, four of them are located in the economically developed Java Island region (see Table 1). The relatively developed economy in the location of Confucius Institutes provides many convenient conditions for the elite promotion of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia, which is conducive to the development of cultural exchange activities between China and Indonesia. Therefore, after the establishment of Confucius Institutes in Indonesia, with the joint efforts of universities in China and Indonesia, a series of activities such as the Chinese Bridge Competition, Chinese Culture Week, Confucius Institute Day, Chinese Language Day, and traditional Chinese festival celebrations have been held successively. These activities are preliminary explorations of the top-level design of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia at the practical level, creating a good atmosphere for the comprehensive development of various fields of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia in the future, and providing rich reference experience.
表1 印尼成立的6所孔子学院的具体情况
| 表1 印尼成立的6所孔子学院的具体情况 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 印尼合作院校 | 中国合作院校 | 启动/运行时间 | 印尼学院性质 | 所在城市 |
| 阿拉扎大学 | 福建师范大学 | 2010年11月9日 | 私立大学 | 雅加达 |
| 玛拉拿达基督教大学 | 河北师范大学 | 2011年1月18日 | 西爪哇省万隆 | |
| 哈山努丁大学 | 南昌大学 | 2011年2月22日 | 国立大学 | 南苏拉威西省望加锡 |
| 玛琅国立大学 | 广西师范大学 | 2011年3月14日 | 东爪哇省玛琅 | |
| 泗水国立大学 | 华中师范大学 | 2011年5月19日 | 东爪哇省泗水 | |
| 丹戎布拉大学 | 广西民族大学 | 2011年11月26日 | 西加里曼丹省坤甸 | |
| 资料来源：孔子学院总部/国家汉办，http：//www.hanban.edu.cn/confuciousinstitutes/node_10961.htm。 | ||||
Excel下载Table 1: The specific situation of the six Confucius Institutes established in Indonesia
In order to implement the comprehensive strategic partnership resolution reached by the governments of China and Indonesia in 2015, as well as the spirit of the joint communiqu é of the China Indonesia Deputy Prime Minister level People to People Exchange Mechanism, the China Indonesia University Think Tank Alliance was established at Beijing Foreign Studies University in 2016. The China Indonesia Cultural Exchange Research Center at Beijing Foreign Studies University and the China Indonesia Cultural Exchange Research Center at Central China Normal University are registered national and regional research centers of the Ministry of Education of China. Together with Indonesian research centers of other domestic universities, they promote cooperation between China and Indonesia in academic and educational exchanges (see Table 2). In recent years, Chinese universities have not only actively cooperated with the preparation and implementation of the top-level design of the China Indonesia Deputy Prime Minister level cultural exchange mechanism, but also cultivated a large number of talents at all levels who study Indonesian politics, economy, culture, and language. They have compiled and published a number of professional books on Indonesian issues and Indonesian language books introducing Chinese culture. Through the relevant research and achievements of university scholars on the politics, economy, and culture of China and Indonesia, which have been published one after another, certain contributions have been made to the people to people exchanges between China and Indonesia, laying a solid foundation for the better development of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia in the future.
表2 中国高校相关印尼研究中心的情况
| 表2 中国高校相关印尼研究中心的情况 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 高校名称 | 研究中心 | 揭牌时间 | |
| 中国-印尼高校智库联盟中方成员单位 | 北京外国语大学 | 中印尼人文交流研究中心 | 2017年3月22日 |
| 华中师范大学 | 2018年4月22日 | ||
| 广东外语外贸大学 | 印尼研究中心 | — | |
| 河北师范大学 | 2012年11月28日 | ||
| 福建师范大学 | 2016年11月12日 | ||
| 华侨大学 | 2017年12月22日 | ||
| 资料来源：北外新闻网，http：//news.bfsu.edu.cn/；华中师范大学中印尼人文交流研究中心，http：//www.cistudy.cn/；河北师范大学印尼研究中心，http：//io.hebtu.edu.cn/ynyjzx/；福建师范大学印尼研究中心，http：//isc.fjnu.edu.cn/；华侨大学，http：//www.hqu.edu.cn/index.htm；广东外语外贸大学印尼研究中心的揭牌成立时间未有相关报道。 | |||
Excel下载Table 2: Information on Indonesian Research Centers Related to Chinese Universities
（2） The practical basis for promoting cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia through elitism
The top-level design provides a platform for elites to play a driving role in the process of cultural exchange in universities. At present, the high-level dialogue mechanism between the three prime ministers of China and Indonesia has been established, covering political security, economic and trade, as well as social and cultural fields, gradually promoting the institutionalization and standardization of bilateral cooperation between China and Indonesia. Since the launch of the China Indonesia Deputy Prime Minister level People to People Exchange Mechanism, three meetings have been held up to 2018. Under the framework of the high-level dialogue mechanism between the Vice Prime Ministers of China and Indonesia, the future bilateral cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia have broad development prospects and will serve as a demonstration for regional cultural exchanges. With the standardization and institutionalization of the cultural exchange mechanism at the vice ministerial level between China and Indonesia, not only have more opportunities been provided for the elite group represented by universities, but higher requirements have also been put forward for their elite promotion role.
In recent years, cooperation between universities has responded to the practical needs of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia, and the scope and depth of cooperation have been continuously developed. For example, the establishment of the "the Belt and Road" talent training school enterprise alliance has significantly enhanced the elite driving force represented by universities. In 2017, the "the Belt and Road" talent training school enterprise alliance was launched by the "China Preparatory Education Alliance for Studying Abroad" and the "China ASEAN Education and Training Alliance". Composed of more than 50 domestic universities such as Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Zhejiang University, and Nankai University, as well as hundreds of well-known enterprises at home and abroad. Through the improvement of talent training mode, the "school enterprise alliance" cultivates and transports international and localized professionals for enterprises in countries along the "the Belt and Road". Based on Indonesia's important position and role in the construction of the "the Belt and Road", the establishment of the "school enterprise alliance" will provide a greater platform for people to people and cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia, and help elites play a more active role in the process of people to people exchanges between China and Indonesia.
The Path of Promoting Cultural Exchange between China and Indonesia through Three Elitism
（1） Top level design
In 2013, China and Indonesia upgraded their comprehensive strategic partnership, and the interaction and communication between their leaders continued to strengthen, maintaining a good momentum of high-level exchanges. The governments of China and Indonesia have also reached multiple consensuses in the field of cultural exchanges (see Table 3). In October 2013, the governments of China and Indonesia jointly released the "Future Plan for the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Indonesia", which focused on cooperation between universities and academic institutions in China and Indonesia, as well as youth exchanges. In March 2015, the two governments jointly issued the Joint Statement on Strengthening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Indonesia, which not only called for further deepening of cultural exchanges and cooperation in universities, academic institutions, and youth fields, but also involved the development of cultural exchanges and cooperation in fields such as art, media, and cultural heritage.
表3 近年来中、印尼两国顶层设计中有关人文交流的内容
| 表3 近年来中、印尼两国顶层设计中有关人文交流的内容 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 时间 | 事件 | 达成的共识或发布的声明 | 内容 |
| 2013年10月 | 习近平主席对印尼进行国事访问 | 《中华人民共和国和印度尼西亚共和国全面战略伙伴关系未来规划》 | 推动两国高校和学术机构的合作，发挥两国语言培训和文化交流的更大作用 |
| 继续开展青年交流项目 | |||
| 2015年3月 | 佐科总统对中国进行国事访问 | 《中华人民共和国和印度尼西亚共和国关于加强两国全面战略伙伴关系的联合声明》 | 继续开展青年访问交流项目，邀请印尼优秀青年代表来华参加东盟青年干部培训班 |
| 加强在学生交流、语言教学、高等教育和职业培训领域务实合作，加快互认高等教育学位学历协议 | |||
| 邀请中方派员赴印尼来参加印尼艺术和文化奖学金项目和高级别外交官培训 | |||
| 中方将继续通过多种的渠道向印尼学生提供奖学金 | |||
| 同意推进文化遗产旅游合作。 | |||
| 扩大两国的媒体、智库、高校、研究所等机构交流合作，办好“感知中国”“中印尼关系研讨会”交流活动，邀请印尼宗教人士访华 | |||
| 2018年5月 | 李克强总理对印尼进行正式访问 | 《中华人民共和国政府和印度尼西亚共和国政府联合声明》 | 加强教育、文化、旅游、媒体、体育、宗教、青年、地方、文化遗产地等领域交流合作，充分发挥各界和地方积极性，打造人文合作新亮点 |
| 资料来源：《中华人民共和国和印度尼西亚共和国全面战略伙伴关系未来规划》，新华网，http：//www.xinhuanet.com/world/2013-10/04/c_117592330.htm；《中华人民共和国和印度尼西亚共和国关于加强两国全面战略伙伴关系的联合声明》，中华人民共和国中央人民政府网，http：//www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-03/27/content_2838995.htm；《中华人民共和国政府和印度尼西亚共和国政府联合声明》，中华人民共和国中央人民政府网，http：//www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-05/08/content_5288955.htm。 | |||
Excel下载Table 3 Content related to cultural exchange in top-level design between China and Indonesia in recent years
In May 2015, Chinese Vice Premier Liu Yandong visited Indonesia and co chaired the first meeting of the China Indonesia Deputy Prime Minister level People to People Exchange Mechanism with Indonesian Minister of Human Development and Cultural Coordination Bu An. The heads of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Culture, National Health and Family Planning Commission, State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, National Youth Federation, and the Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education attended the meeting. The formal establishment of the China Indonesia Deputy Prime Minister level cultural exchange mechanism has developed a scientific design and overall plan for the deepening of the comprehensive strategic partnership between China and Indonesia. In May 2018, Premier Li Keqiang visited Indonesia and the two governments jointly issued the "Joint Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia", expanding the eight major areas of cultural exchanges in the China Indonesia Vice Premier level cultural exchange mechanism. The two governments agreed to strengthen exchanges and cooperation in new fields such as religion, locality, and cultural heritage in the future. The expansion and deepening of the top-level design field of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia provide scientific planning and overall guidance for the elite group represented by universities to play a driving role.
（2） Elite driven
In recent years, with the rapid economic development of Southeast Asian countries, their international influence has gradually increased. As a major country in Southeast Asia, the world's largest Islamic country and the world's fourth most populous country, Indonesia's people to people and cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia play an important exemplary role in promoting China's "the Belt and Road" initiative in Southeast Asia. At present, the elite promotion model of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia has gradually formed a carrier represented by universities and research institutions. For example, the China Indonesia Cultural Exchange Research Centers approved by the Chinese Ministry of Education, such as Beijing Foreign Studies University and Central China Normal University, as well as the Indonesian research centers established by universities such as Guangdong University of Foreign Studies and Foreign Trade, Hebei Normal University, Fujian Normal University, and Huaqiao University. In recent years, intellectuals from Chinese universities, represented by the China Indonesia University Think Tank Alliance, have conducted various academic forums, seminars, and youth cultural exchange activities (see Table 4). In addition, through relevant cooperation, universities in China and Indonesia have also held many seminars, forums and other activities in Indonesia, especially the Confucius Institutes in Indonesia, which have played an important role in promoting them (see Table 5). The interaction and cooperation between Chinese and Indonesian universities have jointly paved the way for people to people and cultural exchanges between the two countries from the elite to the people.
表4 近年来中国高校举办/参加的主要活动情况
| 表4 近年来中国高校举办/参加的主要活动情况 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 高校名称 | 活动时间 | 活动内容 |
| 北京外国语大学 | 2017年3月 | 举办“‘一带一路’建设背景下的中、印尼人文交流与智库建设学术研讨会” |
| 2017年6月 | 举办“21世纪海上丝绸之路与中国—印尼智库合作国际学术研讨会” | |
| 2017年11月 | 举办“2017年中印尼人文交流机制智库论坛” | |
| 华中师范大学 | 2016年4月 | 举办“21世纪海上丝绸之路与中国—印尼战略合作”国际研讨会 |
| 2017年11月 | 与印尼泗水国立大学孔子学院共同主办首届“21世纪海上丝绸之路”重大倡议与中国—印尼人文交流机制研讨会 | |
| 2018年6月 | 举办国家级教育对外交流项目“东盟国家大学生领袖·感知中国夏令营”活动 | |
| 2018年11月 | 举办“中、印尼高校人文交流国际论坛” | |
| 广东外语外贸大学 | 2016年12月 | 与印度尼西亚大学就共同培养中国和印尼国际人才学者、推进两国人才文化交流以及加强与中国宝鹰集团、印尼宝鹰集团的校企合作等方面达成共识 |
| 2017年11月 | 举办“国际海丝论坛首次会议——海上丝绸之路沿线国家交流史国际研讨会” | |
| 福建师范大学 | 2017年11月 | 举办“海上丝绸之路·中国—东南亚互通共享国际论坛” |
| 2018年4月 | 参与第二届“中印尼青年交流互访交流游学（福建段）活动” | |
| 华侨大学 | 2017年8月 | 协办“2017年中国文化海外行：‘一带一路’经纬印尼营”活动 |
| 2018年4月 | 举办“2018年（厦门）印尼文化节” | |
| 河北师范大学 | 2018年6月 | 举办“中国印尼文化交流和教育合作”学术研讨会 |
| 资料来源：北外新闻网，http：//news.bfsu.edu.cn/；华中师范大学中印尼人文交流研究中心，http：//www.cistudy.cn/；广东外语外贸大学印尼研究中心，http：//cis.gdufs.edu.cn/；福建师范大学印尼研究中心，http：//isc.fjnu.edu.cn/；华侨大学，http：//www.hqu.edu.cn/index.ht-m；河北师范大学印尼研究中心，http：//io.heb-tu.edu.cn/ynyjzx/。 | ||
Excel下载Table 4: Major Activities Held/Participated in by Chinese Universities in Recent Years
The cultural exchange activities held by Chinese universities have enhanced the understanding of Chinese culture among Indonesian youth and promoted the improvement of cultural exchange between China and Indonesia. Through the cooperation between Chinese and Indonesian universities, the memorandum of understanding reached between China and Indonesia in the field of youth cooperation has been continuously implemented, which has promoted the path of people to people and cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia from top-level design to public participation. Currently, under the promotion of elite groups represented by universities, cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia are characterized by a wide range of fields, multiple levels, and high levels.
表5 近年来印尼孔子学院与中国相关高校和机构合作情况
| 表5 近年来印尼孔子学院与中国相关高校和机构合作情况 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 孔子学院名称 | 合作高校/机构 | 活动时间 | 活动内容 |
| 阿拉扎大学孔子学院 | 印尼建国大学 | 2012年5月 | 应邀参加国际文化周活动 |
| 印度尼西亚大学 | 2015年11月 | 举办“中国梦·孔子与现代中国”学术交流研讨会 | |
| 中国知网 | 2016年9月 | 举办印尼-中国高等教育合作发展论坛暨“中国知识云服务”启动仪式 | |
| 印尼其他五所孔子学院 | 2018年7月 | 举办首届印尼孔子学院高校“校长论坛” | |
| 孔子学院总部/国家汉办主办 | 承办首届东南亚“汉语+”国际研讨会 | ||
| 玛拉拿达基督教大学孔子学院 | 河北师范大学 | 2013年11月 | 举办首届“万隆经济论坛——印尼的汉语教育和中印尼文化交流” |
| 2015年11月 | 举办第二届“万隆经济论坛——中国经济快速增长给印尼企业带来的机遇和挑战” | ||
| 河北师范大学等 | 2017年5月 | 举办第三届“万隆精神论坛——在国际合作中实践‘一带一路’” | |
| 泗水国立大学孔子学院 | 华中师范大学中印尼人文交流研究中心 | 2017年11月 | 举办首届“21世纪海上丝绸之路”倡议与中国-印尼人文交流机制研讨会 |
| 丹戎布拉大学孔子学院 | 韩山师范学院 | 2017年4月 | 承办第十二届潮学国际研讨会 |
| 玛琅国立大学孔子学院 | 南京师范大学 | 2012年5月 | 签署了两校交流合作协议以及合办“2+2”国际经济学士学位项目协议 |
| 扬州大学 | 2017年3月 | 双方签署校际谅解备忘录 | |
| 南京农业大学 | |||
| 资料来源：阿拉扎大学孔子学院，http：//www.uai.ac.id/；玛拉拿达基督教大学孔子学院，http：//www.maranatha.edu/；泗水国立大学孔子学院，http：//www.unesa.ac.id/；丹戎布拉大学孔子学院，http：//www.untan.ac.id/；玛琅国立大学，http：//www.um.ac.id//。 | |||
Excel下载Table 5: Cooperation between Indonesian Confucius Institutes and Chinese Universities and Institutions in Recent Years
（3） Public participation
The top-level design represented by the high-level cultural exchange mechanism is an important path to enhance the country's soft power and also an important measure to strengthen the people to people connection between China and Indonesia. With the efforts of the elite group in universities, cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia have been continuously promoted, and the participation level of the Chinese and Indonesian people has comprehensively increased. People to people and cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia have made continuous progress in cooperation in education, science and technology, health, culture, tourism, sports, youth, and media.
The public participation in cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia is a behavior activity carried out by ordinary people for non official purposes, which can be manifested in multiple aspects, such as public tourism, individual economic activities, and student study abroad. In 2017, China became Indonesia's largest source of overseas tourists and second largest destination for studying abroad, with an increasing number of young Indonesians coming to China to study, work, and start businesses. The interest of Indonesian people in Chinese culture has increased, and the number of Indonesian students participating in Chinese language learning and exams has also been increasing year by year, with the scale of studying abroad in China reaching new highs. In 2017, the number of Indonesian students studying in China exceeded 14000, ranking seventh among countries with the highest number of students studying in China. After the establishment of the China Indonesia Deputy Prime Minister level cultural exchange mechanism in 2015, the number of Chinese tourists visiting Indonesia continued to increase (see Table 6). In 2017, the growth rate of Chinese tourists visiting Indonesia reached 34.4%, with the number of tourists exceeding 2 million, accounting for 14.95% of the total number of international tourists in Indonesia, bringing in over 2 billion US dollars in foreign exchange revenue for its tourism industry.
表6 2013～2017年中国赴印尼游客数量统计
| 表6 2013～2017年中国赴印尼游客数量统计 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 年份 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| 人数/万人 | 85.8 | 105.3 | 124.9 | 155.7 | 209.3 |
| 增长率（%） | — | 22.7 | 18.6 | 24.7 | 34.4 |
| 数据来源：Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia 2017，印尼中央统计局，https：//www.bps.go.id/。 | |||||
Excel下载Table 6 Statistics of the number of Chinese tourists to Indonesia from 2013 to 2017
Four concluding remarks
Since the establishment of the China Indonesia Deputy Prime Minister level personnel exchange mechanism, various fields of cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia have been continuously expanded and gradually institutionalized and standardized. In the process of promoting cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia, the top-down approach is the current development path, which includes top-level design, elite promotion, and public participation. This development path is a practical need for the specific historical development period of China Indonesia bilateral relations and plays a positive role in practice. In this process, the elite group of universities in China and Indonesia played an important role as a link and driving force. Although cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia have continued to develop, the effects of top-level design still need to be further improved due to historical factors and cultural differences in reality. It may take a long time for a widespread positive public perception to form. By strengthening cooperation between universities in China and Indonesia, we aim to enhance the driving role of this elite group in the transformation process from top-level design to public participation, especially in promoting a wider range of people on both sides to form positive mutual recognition, which will become the direction that Chinese and Indonesian universities need to work towards in the future.