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鄚氏河仙政权(“港口国”)及其对外关系——兼谈东南亚历史上的“非经典政权”

作者:李庆新 出版日期:2013年10月 报告页数:34 页 报告大小: 报告字数:30686 字 所属图书:海洋史研究(第五辑) 浏览人数: 下载人数:

文章摘要:明清易代之际,中国正处于改朝换代的持续动乱中,大批不满清朝统治的民众迁往海外,从东北亚的朝鲜、日本,到东南亚的安南、柬埔寨、暹罗,乃至马来半岛、印度尼西亚和菲律宾群岛,都有流亡华人的身影。1671年,广东雷州海康人鄚玖(Mac Cuu)“不堪胡虏侵扰之乱”,举族“越海南投真腊国为客”。鄚玖在河仙地区建立起以华人为主体、具有相当独立性的政权,拥有自己的军队,自署官吏,自主外交,独立自主发展经济,建立了市镇与村庄,把河仙经营成为人烟辐辏、“华夷杂处... 展开

文章摘要:明清易代之际,中国正处于改朝换代的持续动乱中,大批不满清朝统治的民众迁往海外,从东北亚的朝鲜、日本,到东南亚的安南、柬埔寨、暹罗,乃至马来半岛、印度尼西亚和菲律宾群岛,都有流亡华人的身影。1671年,广东雷州海康人鄚玖(Mac Cuu)“不堪胡虏侵扰之乱”,举族“越海南投真腊国为客”。鄚玖在河仙地区建立起以华人为主体、具有相当独立性的政权,拥有自己的军队,自署官吏,自主外交,独立自主发展经济,建立了市镇与村庄,把河仙经营成为人烟辐辏、“华夷杂处”、经济繁荣的国际性港埠,后向广南阮氏称臣。鄚玖去世后,其子鄚天赐(Mac Thien Tu)在河仙建起规模宏伟的府城,以明朝制度与文化为榜样,建孔庙,立义学,习诗书,同时兼容本土各民族文化和欧洲宗教文化,建构起一个具有浓郁中华色彩的海上“衣冠文物之邦”。鄚天赐一度自号“高棉王”,在军事与外交上与暹罗相颉颃,成为18世纪30~70年代中南半岛国际政局的重要力量。关于鄚氏与河仙政权,越南古籍郑怀德的《嘉定城通志》、武世营的《河仙镇叶镇鄚氏家谱》皆有记录,另外《大南寔录》、嗣德《大南一统志》、黎贵惇《抚边杂录》以及清朝的《清实录》《清朝文献通考》等文

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Abstract:During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,China was in a continuing turmoil.A lot of people fled to countries that opposed the Qing.Mac Cuu,born in Haikang,Leizhou,with his clansman moved into the Kmir,where they set up a quiet independent regime in which the Chinese made up the main body,and made Ha Tien a prosperous international port.Mac Cuu declared allegiance to the Nguyen Dynasty in Annan afterward.His successor Mac Tien Tu acted... 展开

Abstract:During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,China was in a continuing turmoil.A lot of people fled to countries that opposed the Qing.Mac Cuu,born in Haikang,Leizhou,with his clansman moved into the Kmir,where they set up a quiet independent regime in which the Chinese made up the main body,and made Ha Tien a prosperous international port.Mac Cuu declared allegiance to the Nguyen Dynasty in Annan afterward.His successor Mac Tien Tu acted as the Qing’s eyes and ears in that war Burma intruded into Siam.At the same time,their regime and Siam were equally matched economically and militarily,they became a major force in Indochina in the 30s and 40s of 18thcentury.In ancient Southeast Asia,there were different types of regimes and countries,and some them attached importance to the oversea trade and built the country by the port,which are called the “port states” and have the short governance.If the continent autocratic monarchy countries represented by China which regard Confucianism as the foundation of a nation are considered the classical regime,the regimes which are incomplete and complicated in the political system and the regime’s structure are seen as the non-classical regime.The Mac regime in Ha Tien is representative of the non-classical regime.It only lastde two generations,because the Ha Tien region lacked the foundation for long governing the country and its economic structure is too single and depends too much on ocean,while the multiracial,multi-cultural society structure makes it hard to establish the unified political civilization,society structure and cultural tradition like the classical regime.Like most non-classical regimes in the Southeast Asia,Ha Tien cannot avoid the common destiny.

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作者简介

李庆新:作者系广东省社会科学院广东海洋史研究中心研究员、南京大学中国南海研究创新协作中心兼职研究员。