Abstract:Thebes was an important city-state in ancient Greece. In the first half of the 4th century B.C.，after Sparta and Athens，Thebes once dominated the Greek world （371-362 B.C.）. Although the Theban Hegemony has only lasted for nearly 10 years and then it was taken over by the power of Macedonia，which was risen in the north，the Theban Hegemony was also an important event in Greek history. Traditionally，researchers tended to search for the historical significance of the Theban Hegemony on the basis of Thebes itself and the Greek world. This article is trying to consider it in the view of the Eastern Mediterranean region，which was a larger international system. The situation in the Eastern Mediterranean before and after the Theban Hegemony has changed greatly. On the eve of the Theban Hegemony，the Eastern Mediterranean world were in the placid surface，but the undercurrent surged behind it. After the end of the Theban Hegemony，Sparta was in decline，Athens was busy calming the civil strife，Persia’s national strength recovered briefly，and Macedonia was in her turning point，in a word，the old order was over，and the era called for the arrival of the builders of the new order. After the end of the Theban Hegemony，Sparta was in decline，Athens was busy calming the civil strife，Persia’s national strength recovered briefly，and Macedonia was in her turning point，in a word，the old order was over，and the era called for the arrival of the builders of the new order. It can be said that the Theban Hegemony on the one hand ended the traditional international system of the Greek world；on the other hand，it only destroyed the old but rebuilt nothing new，which provided Macedonia with the opportunity to rise. In general，although the Theban Hegemony was very short-lived，its impact was very far-reaching.
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