日本“朱印船”时代的广州、澳门贸易——从“西洋渡航朱印状”谈起

Abstract:During the early stage of the red seal ships （朱印船shuinsen），from 1603 to 1608，a total of 20 red seal letters （朱印状shuinjō） bound for “Saiyū” （西洋 i.e. western ocean） were issued by Tokugawa shogunate mainly todaimyō 大名of western Japan and foreign merchants. As for the places that “Saiyū” indicated，no established conclusion had been reached up until now. With regard to this unresolved problem，I have found some references that reveal the actual places “Saiyū” indicated in contemporary historical sources. By analyzing these sources，I conclude that “Saiyū” in the red seal letters referred mainly to ports of mainland Southeast Asia and sometimes also to ports on South China coast，such as Nantou 南头 on southeaster coast of Guangzhou bay.In the early period of red seal ships，Tokugawa shogunate issued red seal letters bound for “Saiyū” mainly todaimyō western Japan and foreign merchants，allowing them to make trading voyages to various ports，mainly in mainland Southeast Asia and South China，as they chose. But later，as foreign trade system was gradually stabilized，and Tokugawa shogunate strengthened its control over the foreign trade ofdaimyō，red seal letter bound for “Saiyū” were finally abolished in 1608. In contrast，trading vessels of Guangdong 广东 merchants were allowed to arrive in every ports of Japan by Tokugawa shogunate in 1610.On the other hand，no red seal letters bound for Macao was issued by Tokugawa shogunate. But in fact，it seems that not a few red seal ships called at Macao on their ways to ports of Southeast Asia for engaging in trade or passing the winter. In the same time，many Japanese such as mercenaries，pirates，Christians，etc. often arrived in Macao，and sojourned there. In November 1608，crews of a red seal ship of Arima Harunobu 有马晴信 bound for Champa made a disturbance in Macao when it called there on it return voyage. In the result of this incident，Tokugawa shogunate prohibited Japanese vessels to call at Macao in July 1609. Afterward，however，not a few Japanese continued to arrive in Macao by boarding foreign vessels，up until to Macao authorities were obliged to order to deport Japanese sojourners from the city under the political pressure of the Ming government in 1614.

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